Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the levels of pollutants in indoor spaces and how they affect the health and comfort of the people who spend time there.
Good air quality means clean, fresh air that supports well-being. Poor air quality can cause a range of problems, including mild irritation of the eyes and throat, serious respiratory issues, and long-term illnesses.
Simply put, IAQ matters because Americans spend nearly 90% of their lives indoors, and the air we breathe every day directly impacts how we feel and function.
Why Indoor Air Quality Deteriorates
Most indoor air problems result from sources of pollutants – substances that release gases, particles, or other contaminants into the air. The common pollutants include dust, pollen, mold, smoke, viruses, bacteria, and pet dander.
Poor ventilation can also deteriorate indoor air quality. Without enough outdoor air coming in, indoor pollutants build up instead of being diluted or removed. High humidity or high temperatures can also intensify certain pollutants or promote the growth of mold and bacteria.
Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Pollutants can come from many everyday items and activities, including:
- Fuel-burning combustion appliances (stoves, furnaces, fireplaces).
- Tobacco products (cigarettes).
- Newly installed flooring, upholstery, or carpets that release volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
- Cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products.
- Household products like cleaning sprays and air fresheners.
- Central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices, when filters aren’t cleaned or replaced timely.
- Moisture buildup, which can lead to mold growth
How Indoor Air Pollution Affects Health
The effects of poor indoor air quality can appear right away or take years to show up. This completely depends on the types of pollutants involved.
Short-Term Effects of Poor Indoor Air Quality
Some people feel the impact almost immediately. Common short-term symptoms include:
- Eye, nose, and throat irritation
- Headaches and dizziness
- Fatigue and general discomfort
- Worsening of asthma or other respiratory issues
These symptoms often disappear once the person leaves the polluted area. However, because they can resemble cold and flu symptoms, indoor pollution often goes unnoticed. If symptoms improve when you’re outdoors or away from the space, indoor air could be the culprit.
Long-Term Effects of Poor Indoor Air Quality
Prolonged or repeated exposure to certain pollutants can cause more serious health issues, such as:
- Chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis)
- Heart disease
- Neurological disorders
- Certain cancers
These effects might develop slowly, over months or years, which makes prevention essential – even if you don’t notice immediate problems.
Improving Your Indoor Air Quality
Maintaining good indoor air quality requires consistent attention and simple preventive measures. Start by increasing ventilation wherever possible – open windows to let in fresh air or use exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms to remove pollutants.
Regular HVAC maintenance is essential; changing filters on schedule and cleaning air ducts help prevent dust buildup. Managing humidity levels through dehumidifiers or air conditioners can prevent mold and mildew growth in damp areas.
Choose low-emission or low-VOC products such as eco-friendly paints and cleaning supplies to reduce chemical exposure. Avoid smoking indoors to keep harmful particulates out of the air. In addition, test your home for radon, especially if you live in an area where it’s common, and promptly repair any leaks or water damage to prevent moisture-related issues. By following these simple steps, you can create a healthier, more comfortable indoor environment for everyone.
